Creating Graphs

Using data from the Gapminder codebook: female employ rate  and urban rate. The data output was generated using SAS Studio.


Hypothesis formulation

Based on research review, it appears that while more women have joined the labor force thanks to urbanization, they have encountered several cultural and social obstacles that have negatively impacted their employment rates. It would be interesting to study the correlation between urbanization and the female employment rate in the Gapminder dataset. Hypothesis: Higher urbanization rates lead to lower female employment rates.

Univariate Graphs

• Female employ rate:
• The histogram generated by the female employ rate is unimodal. The mean (47.5) and the median (47.5) averages are similar and only just higher than the mode average of 42.1. There are more female employ rate values that fall below the mean average. The standard deviation is only 14.6 (low variability) and the range is 72. The combination of all these factors results in a distribution that is almost symmetrical.  Even though the mode average is lower than the mean and median averages, the small standard deviation and the similarities of the mean and median averages prevent the distribution from being skewed, bimodal or from having an even distribution.
• Employ rate:
• The histogram generated by the employ rate variable is unimodal. The mean average (58.6) is close to the median average (58.7), and the mode is much lower (47.3). The standard deviation is only 10.5 (low variability) and the range is 51.2. The combination of all these factors results in a distribution with a slight left skew, as the most frequent employ rate values (mode average) fall below the mean and median averages, with very little variation in values. The low range also prevents the left skew from being too pronounced.
• Urban Rate:
• The histogram generated by the urban rate variable is also unimodal but has a pronounced skewed-left distribution. This is due to a combination of a high (89.6) spread or range of values, a high standard deviation or variability (23.8), and a significantly high mode average (100), indicating that the most frequent urban rate values are higher than the mean (56.8) and median (57.9) averages.

Bivariate Graphs
The scatter plot generated between the female employ rate (response variable) and the urban rate (explanatory variable) shows a weak and decreasing or negative relationship between the two variables. An increase in the urban rate shows a decrease in the female employ rate. The weak relationship is indicated by the larger distances between scatter plots.

Code:

/** Exploring the data using PROC MEANS to produce statistics **/

PROC MEANS DATA=NEW N NMISS MEAN MODE MEDIAN MIN MAX STD RANGE ;

RUN;

The MEANS Procedure

Variable	N	N Miss	Mean	Mode	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Std Dev	Range
femaleemployrate employrate urbanrate	178 178 203	35 35 10	47.5494381 58.6359551 56.7693596	42.0999985 47.2999992 100.0000000	47.5499992 58.6999989 57.9400000	11.3000002 32.0000000 10.4000000	83.3000031 83.1999969 100.0000000	14.6257425 10.5194545 23.8449326	72.0000029 51.1999969 89.6000000

/** UNIVARIATE GRAPHS - use GCHART/CHART for single categorical varuables**/
TITLE 'Female Employment Rate Vertical Bar Chart ';
PROC CHART DATA=NEW;
VBAR FemaleEmploymentRateGroup / DISCRETE /**Specify vertical bars for numeric discrete/categorical          variables**/
TYPE=PCT   /** Specify the statistic(percentage) represented in the chart**/
WIDTH=10   /** Specify the width of bars **/ 
        SPACE=2;   /** Specify the spaces between bars **/
RUN;

TITLE 'Employment Rate Vertical Bar Chart ';
PROC CHART DATA=NEW;
VBAR EmploymentRateGroup / DISCRETE
TYPE=PCT  
WIDTH=10  
        SPACE=2;  
RUN;

TITLE 'Urbanization Rate Vertical Bar Chart ';
PROC CHART DATA=NEW;
VBAR UrbanizationRateGroup / DISCRETE 
TYPE=PCT 
WIDTH=10   
        SPACE=2;   
RUN;


/** BIVARIATE GRAPHS **/
PROC PLOT DATA=NEW;  /**  Plots the values of two variables for each observation **/
PLOT femaleemployrate * urbanrate;
RUN;

SAS results:

Female Employment Rate Vertical Bar Chart

                           Percentage                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                    
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                              ---------------------------------------------------------------------------                           
                                      1           2           3           4           5           6                                 
                                                                                                                                    
                                                       FemaleEmploymentRateGroup                                                    

---

Employment Rate Vertical Bar Chart

                           Percentage                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                    
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                           40 +                                      **********                                                     
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                              ---------------------------------------------------------------------------                           
                                      1           2           3           4           5           6                                 
                                                                                                                                    
                                                          EmploymentRateGroup                                                       

---

Urbanization Rate Vertical Bar Chart

                           Percentage                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                    
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                              ---------------------------------------------------------------------------                           
                                      1           2           3           4           5           6                                 
                                                                                                                                    
                                                         UrbanizationRateGroup                                                      

---

Urbanization Rate Vertical Bar Chart

                              Plot of femaleemployrate*urbanrate.  Legend: A = 1 obs, B = 2 obs, etc.                               
                                                                                                                                    
femaleemployrate |                                                                                                                  
              90 +                                                                                                                  
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              60 +                        A             A                                     A             A                       
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              10 +                                                                                                                  
                 ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-- 
                   10          20          30          40          50          60          70          80          90          100  
                                                                                                                                    
                                                                      urbanrate                                                     
                                                                                                                                    
NOTE: 40 obs had missing values.                                                                                                    

Making Data Management Decisions

Using data from the Gapminder codebook: female employ rate  and urban rate. The data output was generated using SAS Studio.


Hypothesis formulation

Based on research review, it appears that while more women have joined the labor force thanks to urbanization, they have encountered several cultural and social obstacles that have negatively impacted their employment rates. It would be interesting to study the correlation between urbanization and the female employment rate in the Gapminder dataset. Hypothesis: Higher urbanization rates lead to lower female employment rates.

The program below uses PROC MEANS to identify some descriptive statistics, including:

N: number of non-missing values

NMISS: number of missing values

MEAN

MEDIAN

MODE

MIN: minimum value

MAX: maximum value

STDDEV: standard deviation

RANGE

Each of the 3 variables has too many different data values and significantly large data ranges. To make it easier to analyze these variables of interest, it is necessary to group the data using IF-THEN statements. When grouping or binning the data, each variable's values of the minimum value, maximum value and standard deviation serve as a guide when selecting the data ranges to be used in the IF-THEN statements. The  first IF-THEN statement for each variable deals with observations that have missing data. 

/** USING SAS STUDIO**/

/** Import the saved csv file from folder **/

PROC IMPORT DATAFILE="\\fsp5800\users\maryt\Desktop\gapminder.csv"

 DBMS=CSV             /** data source identifier **/

 OUT=work.newdata;    /** the output SAS data set **/

 GETNAMES=YES;        /** generates SAS data set names from the first record in the import file **/

/** BINNING VARIABLES: Execute statements for observations that meet certain conditions**/

DATA NEW;  /** Creates new variable that will be the SAS output data set**/

SET   work.newdata;  /** Reads observations from the SAS dataset**/

KEEP  femaleemployrate employrate urbanrate  /** Include in output data sets**/

      FemaleEmploymentRateGroup

      EmploymentRateGroup

      UrbanizationRateGroup; /** Creates secondary variables **/

/** Exploring the data using PROC MEANS to produce statistics **/

PROC MEANS DATA=NEW N NMISS MEAN MODE MEDIAN MIN MAX STD RANGE ;

RUN;

The MEANS Procedure

Variable	N	N Miss	Mean	Mode	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Std Dev	Range
femaleemployrate employrate urbanrate	178 178 203	35 35 10	47.5494381 58.6359551 56.7693596	42.0999985 47.2999992 100.0000000	47.5499992 58.6999989 57.9400000	11.3000002 32.0000000 10.4000000	83.3000031 83.1999969 100.0000000	14.6257425 10.5194545 23.8449326	72.0000029 51.1999969 89.6000000

/** FemaleEmploymentRateGroup **/

/** '^= .' excludes missing data**/

if (femaleemployrate ^= . & femaleemployrate <= 15) then 

     FemaleEmploymentRateGroup = "1";

if (femaleemployrate > 15 & femaleemployrate <= 30) then

     FemaleEmploymentRateGroup = "2";

if (femaleemployrate > 30 & femaleemployrate <= 45) then

     FemaleEmploymentRateGroup = "3";

if (femaleemployrate > 45 & femaleemployrate <= 60) then

     FemaleEmploymentRateGroup = "4";

if (femaleemployrate > 60 & femaleemployrate <= 75) then

     FemaleEmploymentRateGroup = "5";

if (femaleemployrate > 75) then

     FemaleEmploymentRateGroup = "6";

/** EmploymentRateGroup **/

if (employrate ^= . & employrate <= 35) then

     EmploymentRateGroup = "1";

if (employrate > 35 & employrate <= 45) then

     EmploymentRateGroup = "2";

if (employrate > 45 & employrate <= 55) then

     EmploymentRateGroup = "3";

if (employrate > 55 & employrate <= 65) then

     EmploymentRateGroup = "4";

if (employrate > 65 & employrate <= 75) then

     EmploymentRateGroup = "5";

if (employrate > 75 ) then

     EmploymentRateGroup = "6";

/** UrbanizationRateGroup **/

if (urbanrate ^= . & urbanrate <= 15) then

     UrbanizationRateGroup = "1";

if (urbanrate > 15 & urbanrate <= 30) then

     UrbanizationRateGroup = "2";

if (urbanrate > 30 & urbanrate <= 45) then

     UrbanizationRateGroup = "3";

if (urbanrate > 45 & urbanrate <= 60) then

     UrbanizationRateGroup = "4";

if (urbanrate > 60 & urbanrate <= 75) then

     UrbanizationRateGroup = "5";

if (urbanrate > 75) then

     UrbanizationRateGroup="6";

RUN;

/** Display Frequency tables **/

PROC FREQ DATA=NEW;

     TABLES FemaleEmploymentRateGroup EmploymentRateGroup UrbanizationRateGroup;

RUN;

Findings:

Female employ rate:

• 178 of the 213 countries have female employment statistics listed.  35 of the 213 countries do not have the statistics listed.
• The highest female employment rate listed is 83.3%, from Burundi. The lowest female employment rate listed is 11.3%, from the West Bank and Gaza. The resulting range among the observations is 72% and the standard deviation is 14.6.
• The average female employment rate among the 178 observations is 47.6%.
• The female employment rate with the highest frequency (mode) is 42.1%.  
• The highest number of observations is in ‘Female Employment Rate Group’ = 4, which includes 75 observations (countries).  Therefore the majority of countries have female employment rates between 46-60%.
• The second highest frequency of female employment rate is in group 3, between 31-45%. This accounts for 30.9% of the observations.

Employ rate:

• 178 of the 213 countries have overall employment statistics listed. 35 of the 213 countries do not have the statistics listed.
• The highest employment rate listed is 83.2%, from both Burundi and Uganda. The lowest employment rate listed is 32%, from the West Bank and Gaza. The resulting range among the observations is 51.2% and the standard deviation is 10.5.
• The average employment rate among the 178 observations is 58.6%.
• The employment rate with the highest frequency (mode) is 47.3%.  
• The highest number of observations is in ‘Employment Rate Group’ = 4, which includes 76 observations (countries) or 42.7% of total observations.  Therefore the majority of countries have employment rates between 56-65%.
• The second highest frequency of employment rate is in group 3, between 46-55%. This accounts for 23% of the observations.

Urban rate:

• 203 of the 213 countries have urbanization rate statistics listed. 10 of the 213 countries do not have the statistics listed.
• The highest urban rate listed is 100%, from 6 countries: Hong Kong / China, Singapore, Macao / China, Cayman Islands, Monaco and Bermuda. The lowest urban rate listed is 10.4%, from Burundi.  The resulting range among the observations is 89.6% and the standard deviation is 23.8.
• The average urban rate among the 203 observations is 56.8%.
• The urban rate with the highest frequency (mode) is 100%.  
• The highest number of observations is in ‘Urban Rate Group’ = 5, which includes 50 observations (countries) or 24.6% of total observations.  Therefore the majority of countries have urban rates between 61-75%.
• The second highest frequency of urban rate is in group 6, greater than 75%. This accounts for 23.7% of the observations.

The FREQ Procedure

FemaleEmploymentRateGroup	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Frequency Missing = 35
1	3	1.69	3	1.69
2	15	8.43	18	10.11
3	55	30.90	73	41.01
4	75	42.13	148	83.15
5	21	11.80	169	94.94
6	9	5.06	178	100.00

EmploymentRateGroup	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Frequency Missing = 35
1	2	1.12	2	1.12
2	17	9.55	19	10.67
3	41	23.03	60	33.71
4	76	42.70	136	76.40
5	28	15.73	164	92.13
6	14	7.87	178	100.00

UrbanizationRateGroup	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Frequency Missing = 10
1	5	2.46	5	2.46
2	30	14.78	35	17.24
3	35	17.24	70	34.48
4	35	17.24	105	51.72
5	50	24.63	155	76.35
6	48	23.65	203	100.00