Frequency Tables

Using data from the Gapminder codebook: female employ rate  and urban rate. The data output was generated using SAS Studio.


Hypothesis formulation

Based on research review, it appears that while more women have joined the labor force thanks to urbanization, they have encountered several cultural and social obstacles that have negatively impacted their employment rates. It would be interesting to study the correlation between urbanization and the female employment rate in the Gapminder dataset. Hypothesis: Higher urbanization rates lead to lower female employment rates.

SAS Studio Program:

/***********************************************************************************/
%web_open_table(WORK.newdata);        /** Predefined SAS Studio macro: Opens the specified table **/

/** Import the saved csv file from folder **/
PROC IMPORT DATAFILE="/folders/myfolders/gapminder.csv"
             DBMS=CSV    /** data source identifier **/
             OUT=work.newdata;   /** the output SAS data set **/
             GETNAMES=YES;   /** generates SAS data set names from the first record in the import file **/

/** Prints the observations in the SAS data set specified by DATA **/
PROC PRINT DATA = work.newdata;
RUN;                                       /** Executes previous SAS statements **/

/** Produces one-way to n-way frequency and contingency tables **/ 
PROC FREQ DATA =  work.newdata;
            TABLES     femaleemployrate employrate urbanrate;
            LABEL femaleemployrate="The female employment rate" /**Assigns descriptive labels to variables **/
                           employrate="The total employment rate" 
                           urbanrate="The urbanization rate";
 RUN;


%web_drop_table(WORK.newdata);                            /**  Predefined SAS Studio macro:Drops the specified table **/

/************************************************************************************/

Observations from results: Gapminder prog1.sas

Female employ rate:

• There are 213 countries in the Gapminder codebook data..
• 178 of the 213 countries have female employment statistics listed. 35 of the 213 countries do not have the statistics listed.
• The highest female employment rate listed is 83.3%, from Burundi.
• The lowest female employment rate listed is 11.3%, from the West Bank and Gaza. 
• The female employment rate of 42.1% has the highest frequency distribution of 1.9%. This belongs to 4 countries: Bulgaria, Poland, Albania and Maldives.
• Of the 178 countries with female employment rate statistics, 76 of these countries (42.7%) have an employment rate equal to or greater than 50%.
• 0.5% frequency distribution of the female employment rate is observed for the majority (74.7%) of the countries with the statistics.

Employ rate:

• There are 213 countries in the Gapminder codebook data.
• 178 of the 213 countries have overall employment statistics listed. 35 of the 213 countries do not have the statistics listed.
• The highest employment rate listed is 83.2%, from both Burundi and Uganda.
• The lowest employment rate listed is 32%, from the West Bank and Gaza. 
• The employment rates with the highest frequency distribution of 1.4% is observed among 21 countries. Their employment rates range between 47.3% and 65%. 
• Of the 178 countries with employment rate statistics, 141 of these countries (79.2%) have an employment rate equal to or greater than 50%.
• 0.5% frequency distribution of the employment rate is observed for the majority (60.1%) of the countries with the statistics.

Urban rate:

• There are 213 countries in the Gapminder codebook data.
• 203 of the 213 countries have urbanization rate statistics listed. 10 of the 213 countries do not have the statistics listed.
• The highest urban rate listed is 100%, from 6 countries: Hong Kong / China, Singapore, Macao / China, Cayman Islands, Monaco and Bermuda.
• The lowest urban rate listed is 10.4%, from Burundi.  
• The urban rate with the highest frequency distribution of 2.8% is observed among the 6 countries with the highest urban rates. 
• Of the 203 countries with urbanization rate statistics, 115 of these countries (56.7%) have an urban rate equal to or greater than 50%.
• 0.5% frequency distribution of the urban rate is observed for the majority (93.1%) of the countries with the statistics.

Results: Gapminder prog1.sas

One-way frequencies:

The FREQ Procedure

The female employment rate
femaleemployrate	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Frequency Missing = 35
11.300000191	1	0.56	1	0.56
12.399999619	1	0.56	2	1.12
13	1	0.56	3	1.69
16.700000763	1	0.56	4	2.25
17.700000763	1	0.56	5	2.81
18.200000763	1	0.56	6	3.37
19	1	0.56	7	3.93
20.299999237	1	0.56	8	4.49
21.399999619	1	0.56	9	5.06
21.899999619	1	0.56	10	5.62
22.200000763	1	0.56	11	6.18
22.299999237	1	0.56	12	6.74
22.600000381	1	0.56	13	7.30
23.200000763	1	0.56	14	7.87
25.600000381	1	0.56	15	8.43
26.799999237	1	0.56	16	8.99
26.899999619	1	0.56	17	9.55
27.899999619	1	0.56	18	10.11
30.100000381	1	0.56	19	10.67
30.200000763	1	0.56	20	11.24
30.399999619	1	0.56	21	11.80
31.700000763	1	0.56	22	12.36
32.299999237	1	0.56	23	12.92
34.200000763	2	1.12	25	14.04
34.299999237	1	0.56	26	14.61
34.400001526	1	0.56	27	15.17
34.599998474	1	0.56	28	15.73
34.900001526	1	0.56	29	16.29
35.400001526	1	0.56	30	16.85
35.5	1	0.56	31	17.42
35.799999237	1	0.56	32	17.98
36	1	0.56	33	18.54
36.299999237	1	0.56	34	19.10
36.5	1	0.56	35	19.66
36.799999237	1	0.56	36	20.22
37.299999237	2	1.12	38	21.35
37.799999237	1	0.56	39	21.91
37.900001526	1	0.56	40	22.47
38	1	0.56	41	23.03
38.099998474	1	0.56	42	23.60
38.200000763	1	0.56	43	24.16
38.299999237	1	0.56	44	24.72
38.700000763	1	0.56	45	25.28
38.799999237	1	0.56	46	25.84
39.200000763	1	0.56	47	26.40
39.400001526	1	0.56	48	26.97
39.599998474	3	1.69	51	28.65
39.900001526	1	0.56	52	29.21
40.099998474	1	0.56	53	29.78
40.299999237	1	0.56	54	30.34
40.5	1	0.56	55	30.90
41.099998474	1	0.56	56	31.46
41.700000763	2	1.12	58	32.58
41.799999237	1	0.56	59	33.15
42	1	0.56	60	33.71
42.099998474	4	2.25	64	35.96
43.099998474	1	0.56	65	36.52
43.400001526	1	0.56	66	37.08
43.599998474	2	1.12	68	38.20
43.700000763	1	0.56	69	38.76
43.799999237	1	0.56	70	39.33
44	1	0.56	71	39.89
44.099998474	1	0.56	72	40.45
44.799999237	1	0.56	73	41.01
45.299999237	2	1.12	75	42.13
45.5	1	0.56	76	42.70
45.599998474	1	0.56	77	43.26
45.799999237	1	0.56	78	43.82
45.900001526	2	1.12	80	44.94
46	1	0.56	81	45.51
46.200000763	1	0.56	82	46.07
46.400001526	1	0.56	83	46.63
46.799999237	2	1.12	85	47.75
47.099998474	3	1.69	88	49.44
47.5	1	0.56	89	50.00
47.599998474	1	0.56	90	50.56
48	1	0.56	91	51.12
48.400001526	1	0.56	92	51.69
48.5	1	0.56	93	52.25
48.599998474	1	0.56	94	52.81
48.799999237	2	1.12	96	53.93
49	1	0.56	97	54.49
49.400001526	2	1.12	99	55.62
49.700000763	1	0.56	100	56.18
49.799999237	1	0.56	101	56.74
49.900001526	1	0.56	102	57.30
50.099998474	1	0.56	103	57.87
50.400001526	1	0.56	104	58.43
50.5	1	0.56	105	58.99
50.599998474	1	0.56	106	59.55
50.700000763	2	1.12	108	60.67
50.900001526	1	0.56	109	61.24
51	1	0.56	110	61.80
51.299999237	3	1.69	113	63.48
51.599998474	1	0.56	114	64.04
51.700000763	1	0.56	115	64.61
52.099998474	1	0.56	116	65.17
52.299999237	1	0.56	117	65.73
52.599998474	2	1.12	119	66.85
53.099998474	1	0.56	120	67.42
53.200000763	1	0.56	121	67.98
53.299999237	1	0.56	122	68.54
53.400001526	1	0.56	123	69.10
53.5	1	0.56	124	69.66
53.599998474	1	0.56	125	70.22
53.799999237	1	0.56	126	70.79
53.900001526	1	0.56	127	71.35
54.299999237	1	0.56	128	71.91
54.599998474	2	1.12	130	73.03
54.700000763	1	0.56	131	73.60
54.900001526	1	0.56	132	74.16
55.5	1	0.56	133	74.72
56	2	1.12	135	75.84
56.200000763	1	0.56	136	76.40
56.700000763	1	0.56	137	76.97
56.900001526	1	0.56	138	77.53
57	1	0.56	139	78.09
57.5	1	0.56	140	78.65
58.099998474	2	1.12	142	79.78
58.200000763	2	1.12	144	80.90
58.299999237	1	0.56	145	81.46
58.900001526	1	0.56	146	82.02
59.299999237	1	0.56	147	82.58
59.799999237	1	0.56	148	83.15
60.299999237	1	0.56	149	83.71
60.700000763	1	0.56	150	84.27
60.900001526	1	0.56	151	84.83
61.599998474	1	0.56	152	85.39
62.900001526	1	0.56	153	85.96
63.400001526	1	0.56	154	86.52
64.099998474	1	0.56	155	87.08
65	1	0.56	156	87.64
65.300003052	1	0.56	157	88.20
65.699996948	1	0.56	158	88.76
66.300003052	1	0.56	159	89.33
66.5	1	0.56	160	89.89
66.599998474	1	0.56	161	90.45
67.599998474	1	0.56	162	91.01
68.900001526	2	1.12	164	92.13
69	1	0.56	165	92.70
69.400001526	1	0.56	166	93.26
69.599998474	1	0.56	167	93.82
73	1	0.56	168	94.38
73.400001526	1	0.56	169	94.94
75.800003052	1	0.56	170	95.51
76.099998474	1	0.56	171	96.07
77.599998474	1	0.56	172	96.63
78.099998474	1	0.56	173	97.19
79.199996948	1	0.56	174	97.75
80	1	0.56	175	98.31
80.5	1	0.56	176	98.88
82.199996948	1	0.56	177	99.44
83.300003052	1	0.56	178	100.00

The total employment rate
employrate	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Frequency Missing = 35
32	1	0.56	1	0.56
34.900001526	1	0.56	2	1.12
37.400001526	1	0.56	3	1.69
38.900001526	1	0.56	4	2.25
39	1	0.56	5	2.81
40.099998474	1	0.56	6	3.37
41.099998474	1	0.56	7	3.93
41.200000763	1	0.56	8	4.49
41.599998474	1	0.56	9	5.06
42	1	0.56	10	5.62
42.400001526	2	1.12	12	6.74
42.5	1	0.56	13	7.30
42.799999237	1	0.56	14	7.87
43.099998474	1	0.56	15	8.43
44.200000763	1	0.56	16	8.99
44.299999237	1	0.56	17	9.55
44.700000763	1	0.56	18	10.11
44.799999237	1	0.56	19	10.67
45.700000763	1	0.56	20	11.24
46	2	1.12	22	12.36
46.200000763	1	0.56	23	12.92
46.400001526	1	0.56	24	13.48
46.799999237	1	0.56	25	14.04
46.900001526	1	0.56	26	14.61
47.099998474	1	0.56	27	15.17
47.299999237	3	1.69	30	16.85
47.799999237	1	0.56	31	17.42
48.599998474	2	1.12	33	18.54
48.700000763	2	1.12	35	19.66
49.5	1	0.56	36	20.22
49.599998474	1	0.56	37	20.79
50.5	1	0.56	38	21.35
50.700000763	1	0.56	39	21.91
50.900001526	2	1.12	41	23.03
51	2	1.12	43	24.16
51.200000763	2	1.12	45	25.28
51.299999237	1	0.56	46	25.84
51.400001526	1	0.56	47	26.40
52.099998474	1	0.56	48	26.97
52.5	1	0.56	49	27.53
52.700000763	1	0.56	50	28.09
53.099998474	1	0.56	51	28.65
53.400001526	2	1.12	53	29.78
53.5	3	1.69	56	31.46
54.400001526	1	0.56	57	32.02
54.5	2	1.12	59	33.15
54.599998474	1	0.56	60	33.71
55.099998474	1	0.56	61	34.27
55.400001526	1	0.56	62	34.83
55.599998474	1	0.56	63	35.39
55.700000763	1	0.56	64	35.96
55.900001526	3	1.69	67	37.64
56	2	1.12	69	38.76
56.299999237	2	1.12	71	39.89
56.400001526	1	0.56	72	40.45
56.5	1	0.56	73	41.01
56.799999237	2	1.12	75	42.13
56.900001526	1	0.56	76	42.70
57.099998474	1	0.56	77	43.26
57.200000763	1	0.56	78	43.82
57.299999237	1	0.56	79	44.38
57.5	2	1.12	81	45.51
57.599998474	1	0.56	82	46.07
57.900001526	1	0.56	83	46.63
58.200000763	2	1.12	85	47.75
58.400001526	2	1.12	87	48.88
58.5	1	0.56	88	49.44
58.599998474	1	0.56	89	50.00
58.799999237	2	1.12	91	51.12
58.900001526	3	1.69	94	52.81
59	2	1.12	96	53.93
59.099998474	2	1.12	98	55.06
59.299999237	1	0.56	99	55.62
59.700000763	1	0.56	100	56.18
59.799999237	1	0.56	101	56.74
59.900001526	3	1.69	104	58.43
60.400001526	2	1.12	106	59.55
60.5	1	0.56	107	60.11
60.700000763	1	0.56	108	60.67
60.900001526	1	0.56	109	61.24
61	2	1.12	111	62.36
61.299999237	1	0.56	112	62.92
61.5	3	1.69	115	64.61
61.700000763	1	0.56	116	65.17
61.799999237	1	0.56	117	65.73
62.299999237	1	0.56	118	66.29
62.400001526	1	0.56	119	66.85
62.700000763	1	0.56	120	67.42
63.099998474	1	0.56	121	67.98
63.200000763	1	0.56	122	68.54
63.5	1	0.56	123	69.10
63.599998474	1	0.56	124	69.66
63.700000763	1	0.56	125	70.22
63.799999237	2	1.12	127	71.35
63.900001526	1	0.56	128	71.91
64.199996948	1	0.56	129	72.47
64.300003052	1	0.56	130	73.03
64.5	1	0.56	131	73.60
64.599998474	1	0.56	132	74.16
64.900001526	1	0.56	133	74.72
65	3	1.69	136	76.40
65.099998474	1	0.56	137	76.97
65.599998474	1	0.56	138	77.53
65.699996948	1	0.56	139	78.09
65.900001526	1	0.56	140	78.65
66	2	1.12	142	79.78
66.199996948	1	0.56	143	80.34
66.599998474	1	0.56	144	80.90
66.800003052	1	0.56	145	81.46
66.900001526	1	0.56	146	82.02
67.300003052	1	0.56	147	82.58
68	1	0.56	148	83.15
68.099998474	1	0.56	149	83.71
68.300003052	1	0.56	150	84.27
68.900001526	1	0.56	151	84.83
70.400001526	2	1.12	153	85.96
71	1	0.56	154	86.52
71.300003052	1	0.56	155	87.08
71.599998474	1	0.56	156	87.64
71.699996948	1	0.56	157	88.20
71.800003052	1	0.56	158	88.76
72	1	0.56	159	89.33
72.800003052	1	0.56	160	89.89
73.099998474	1	0.56	161	90.45
73.199996948	1	0.56	162	91.01
73.599998474	1	0.56	163	91.57
74.699996948	1	0.56	164	92.13
75.199996948	1	0.56	165	92.70
75.699996948	1	0.56	166	93.26
76	1	0.56	167	93.82
77	1	0.56	168	94.38
78.199996948	2	1.12	170	95.51
78.900001526	1	0.56	171	96.07
79.800003052	1	0.56	172	96.63
80.699996948	1	0.56	173	97.19
81.300003052	1	0.56	174	97.75
81.5	1	0.56	175	98.31
83	1	0.56	176	98.88
83.199996948	2	1.12	178	100.00

The urbanization rate
urbanrate	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Frequency Missing = 10
10.4	1	0.49	1	0.49
12.54	1	0.49	2	0.99
12.98	1	0.49	3	1.48
13.22	1	0.49	4	1.97
14.32	1	0.49	5	2.46
15.1	1	0.49	6	2.96
16.54	1	0.49	7	3.45
17	1	0.49	8	3.94
17.24	1	0.49	9	4.43
17.96	1	0.49	10	4.93
18.34	1	0.49	11	5.42
18.8	1	0.49	12	5.91
19.56	1	0.49	13	6.40
20.72	1	0.49	14	6.90
21.56	1	0.49	15	7.39
21.6	1	0.49	16	7.88
22.54	1	0.49	17	8.37
23	1	0.49	18	8.87
24.04	1	0.49	19	9.36
24.76	1	0.49	20	9.85
24.78	1	0.49	21	10.34
24.94	1	0.49	22	10.84
25.46	1	0.49	23	11.33
25.52	1	0.49	24	11.82
26.46	1	0.49	25	12.32
26.68	1	0.49	26	12.81
27.14	1	0.49	27	13.30
27.3	1	0.49	28	13.79
27.84	2	0.99	30	14.78
28.08	1	0.49	31	15.27
28.38	1	0.49	32	15.76
29.52	1	0.49	33	16.26
29.54	1	0.49	34	16.75
29.84	1	0.49	35	17.24
30.46	1	0.49	36	17.73
30.64	1	0.49	37	18.23
30.84	1	0.49	38	18.72
30.88	1	0.49	39	19.21
32.18	1	0.49	40	19.70
32.32	1	0.49	41	20.20
32.58	1	0.49	42	20.69
33.32	1	0.49	43	21.18
33.96	1	0.49	44	21.67
34.44	1	0.49	45	22.17
34.48	1	0.49	46	22.66
35.42	1	0.49	47	23.15
36.16	1	0.49	48	23.65
36.28	1	0.49	49	24.14
36.52	1	0.49	50	24.63
36.82	1	0.49	51	25.12
36.84	2	0.99	53	26.11
37.34	1	0.49	54	26.60
37.76	1	0.49	55	27.09
37.86	1	0.49	56	27.59
38.58	1	0.49	57	28.08
39.38	1	0.49	58	28.57
39.84	1	0.49	59	29.06
41	1	0.49	60	29.56
41.2	1	0.49	61	30.05
41.42	1	0.49	62	30.54
41.76	1	0.49	63	31.03
42	1	0.49	64	31.53
42.38	1	0.49	65	32.02
42.48	1	0.49	66	32.51
42.72	1	0.49	67	33.00
43.1	1	0.49	68	33.50
43.44	1	0.49	69	33.99
43.84	1	0.49	70	34.48
46.72	1	0.49	71	34.98
46.78	1	0.49	72	35.47
46.84	1	0.49	73	35.96
47.04	1	0.49	74	36.45
47.44	1	0.49	75	36.95
47.88	1	0.49	76	37.44
48.36	1	0.49	77	37.93
48.58	1	0.49	78	38.42
48.6	1	0.49	79	38.92
48.62	1	0.49	80	39.41
48.78	1	0.49	81	39.90
50.02	1	0.49	82	40.39
51.46	1	0.49	83	40.89
51.64	1	0.49	84	41.38
51.7	1	0.49	85	41.87
51.92	1	0.49	86	42.36
52.04	1	0.49	87	42.86
52.36	1	0.49	88	43.35
52.74	1	0.49	89	43.84
53.3	1	0.49	90	44.33
54.22	1	0.49	91	44.83
54.24	1	0.49	92	45.32
54.34	1	0.49	93	45.81
56.02	1	0.49	94	46.31
56.42	1	0.49	95	46.80
56.56	1	0.49	96	47.29
56.7	1	0.49	97	47.78
56.74	1	0.49	98	48.28
56.76	1	0.49	99	48.77
57.18	1	0.49	100	49.26
57.28	1	0.49	101	49.75
57.94	1	0.49	102	50.25
59.46	1	0.49	103	50.74
59.58	1	0.49	104	51.23
59.62	1	0.49	105	51.72
60.14	1	0.49	106	52.22
60.18	1	0.49	107	52.71
60.3	1	0.49	108	53.20
60.56	1	0.49	109	53.69
60.7	1	0.49	110	54.19
60.74	1	0.49	111	54.68
61	1	0.49	112	55.17
61.32	1	0.49	113	55.67
61.34	2	0.99	115	56.65
62.68	1	0.49	116	57.14
63.26	1	0.49	117	57.64
63.3	1	0.49	118	58.13
63.86	1	0.49	119	58.62
64.78	1	0.49	120	59.11
64.92	1	0.49	121	59.61
65.22	1	0.49	122	60.10
65.58	2	0.99	124	61.08
66.48	1	0.49	125	61.58
66.5	1	0.49	126	62.07
66.6	1	0.49	127	62.56
66.9	1	0.49	128	63.05
66.96	1	0.49	129	63.55
67.16	1	0.49	130	64.04
67.5	1	0.49	131	64.53
67.98	1	0.49	132	65.02
68.08	1	0.49	133	65.52
68.12	1	0.49	134	66.01
68.46	1	0.49	135	66.50
68.68	1	0.49	136	67.00
69.02	1	0.49	137	67.49
69.46	1	0.49	138	67.98
69.9	1	0.49	139	68.47
70.36	1	0.49	140	68.97
71.08	1	0.49	141	69.46
71.1	1	0.49	142	69.95
71.4	1	0.49	143	70.44
71.62	1	0.49	144	70.94
71.9	1	0.49	145	71.43
72.84	1	0.49	146	71.92
73.2	1	0.49	147	72.41
73.46	1	0.49	148	72.91
73.48	1	0.49	149	73.40
73.5	1	0.49	150	73.89
73.64	1	0.49	151	74.38
73.92	1	0.49	152	74.88
74.5	1	0.49	153	75.37
74.82	1	0.49	154	75.86
74.92	1	0.49	155	76.35
75.66	1	0.49	156	76.85
77.12	1	0.49	157	77.34
77.2	1	0.49	158	77.83
77.36	1	0.49	159	78.33
77.48	1	0.49	160	78.82
77.54	1	0.49	161	79.31
77.88	1	0.49	162	79.80
78.42	1	0.49	163	80.30
80.4	1	0.49	164	80.79
80.46	1	0.49	165	81.28
81.46	1	0.49	166	81.77
81.7	1	0.49	167	82.27
81.82	1	0.49	168	82.76
82.42	1	0.49	169	83.25
82.44	1	0.49	170	83.74
83.52	1	0.49	171	84.24
83.7	1	0.49	172	84.73
84.54	1	0.49	173	85.22
85.04	1	0.49	174	85.71
85.58	1	0.49	175	86.21
86.56	1	0.49	176	86.70
86.68	1	0.49	177	87.19
86.96	1	0.49	178	87.68
87.3	1	0.49	179	88.18
88.44	1	0.49	180	88.67
88.52	1	0.49	181	89.16
88.74	1	0.49	182	89.66
88.92	1	0.49	183	90.15
89.94	1	0.49	184	90.64
91.66	1	0.49	185	91.13
92	1	0.49	186	91.63
92.26	1	0.49	187	92.12
92.3	1	0.49	188	92.61
92.68	1	0.49	189	93.10
93.16	1	0.49	190	93.60
93.32	1	0.49	191	94.09
94.22	1	0.49	192	94.58
94.26	1	0.49	193	95.07
95.64	1	0.49	194	95.57
97.36	1	0.49	195	96.06
98.32	1	0.49	196	96.55
98.36	1	0.49	197	97.04
100	6	2.96	203	100.00